Hi there!
Hope you are doing great
I can solve this problem by updating the Stripe SDK and uploading your app update to all release tracks (production, open, closed, and internal), incrementing the version number each time. Right after uploading the APK file and before resubmitting your app for review, I will deactivate the non-compliant APK.
Then I will post a privacy policy explaining very precisely how you collect data and what you do with it. (even if you do not collect any data).
There may be another reason that you have used the app with a different module, so the package name sent to the server is different than the one used to create the key automatically. So I can fix the problem adding to permission another package name with the same SHA1 key.
These mentioned issues would surely be the cause of it and we can discuss through chat for further clarification
and I will be able to work on this project on an immediate basis.
Let me know if this is what you want, I will look forward to your response.
Thanks,
Kahan